tural Animal Solutio “There is a lot of truth in the naturopathic belief that all diseases start in the gut. Homoeostasis depends on the dynamic balance between gut microfl ora, the mucosal barrier and the immune system” Herbs and Nutrients for fermentation of non-digestible dietary a Healthy Gut
Fermentation of carbohydrates is a major
source of energy in the colon for bacterial
a large array of antigens and the growth, production of short chain fatty
acids and the active absorption of calcium,
dissemination and proliferation of magnesium and iron. Metabolic functions
potentially harmful agents, while sparing
also include the production of vitamins K,
the vital structures of the intestine from
B12, biotin, folic acid and pantothenate
immune-mediated destruction.1 The (B5), and synthesis of amino acids from
terms ‘microfl ora’ and ‘microbiota’ refer to
native species acquired at birth and soon
2. Protective
The protective functions of the microfl ora
exist in the stomach and small intestine
include the barrier effect that prevents
compared to the large intestine. An adult
individual may have 500 different species
secrete antimicrobial substances including
99 per cent of the total population. The
bacteriocins, which inhibit the growth of
Bifi dobacterium. Data even suggest that
each individual harbours unique strains.2
3. Trophic Primary Functions of the and differentiation of the epithelial cells Microfl ora
lining the gut wall. Bacteria also play an
essential role in the development of the
Microfl ora have three primary functions,
bred under germ-free conditions to normal
animals suggests that the microfl ora is
1. Metabolic tural Animal Solutio
(heart, lung and liver), cardiac output,
intestinal wall thickness, intestinal motor
The Gut and the Immune
transcription responsible for the synthesis
epithelial cells are stimulated to secrete
leukotrienes. In other words, the epithelial
located in the Peyer’s patches, lymphoid
antibodies. About 70 per cent of all the
incidence of allergy in western countries
reduced microbial load in early infancy.2
tural Animal Solutio herbs and nutrients for digestive health Dysbiosis and Associated and adaptive immune components Diseases
Dysbiosis is defi ned as excess bacterial
colonisation of the gut leading to disease
epithelial barrier however, are associated
Infl ammatory
• Mucosal barrier dysfunction (leaky gut)
Disease (IBD)
associated with sensitivities, allergies
including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s
affected, and Crohn’s disease which can
occur anywhere in the GIT. It is generally
The Intestinal Barrier
lifestyle factors play a role in the initiation
monolayer of epithelial cells and displays
of the disease. However, it seems likely
that atypical immune reactions to viral or
adaptations. These include the formation
bacterial infections, or dietary antigens
of tight junctions that seal the intestinal
Allergic Diseases
antimicrobial agents. All of these prevent
Despite the evolution of the selectively
intestine, up to two per cent of ingested
food antigens are absorbed by the follicle-
a viscous, gel-like fi lm at the epithelial
the Peyer’s patches and by the intestinal
epithelial cells. These antigens however
bacteria to the epithelial cells. Paneth
cells at the base of the crypt in the small
intestine secrete microbicidal defensins
and other antibacterial products. Paneth
cells are also found in the colon during
allergy may result from a failure in oral
tight junctions only permit a very small
tolerance of dietary antigens while they
intestinal epithelium. Occasionally, be to food proteins that are resistant
to digestion. An altered barrier function
tural Animal Solutio
components of the gut barrier (enzymatic
activity and sIgA) in early animal life,
The term ‘mucilage’ is used to refer to
Herbs and Nutrients for the Digestive System
prebiotic as part of a bowel fl ora protocol
Glutamine Inulin and Acacia Gum
Glutamine is an important intermediate in
It represents metabolic fuel for the cells
of the GIT.4 All proliferating cells, mainly
and chicory. Oligofructose is a subgroup
of inulin. Inulin and oligofructose are not
stimulate insulin secretion.13 Inulin and
oligofructose infl uence intestinal function
by increasing stool frequency and weight,
particularly during critical illness when
production of putrefactive substances in
shown to exert benefi cial effects on the
the colon. Additionally, they reportedly
hypercholesterolaemic patients.13 Inulin
the release of pro-infl ammatory cytokines
infl ammatory IL-10.3,8 In patients with
potentially health-stimulating intestinal
bacteria. Inulin stimulates the growth of
intestinal bifi dobacteria, allowing them
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra)
emollient, mildly astringent and nutritive.
It is used in traditional medicine for the
treatment of infl ammation and ulceration
soluble and insoluble fi bre making it an
tural Animal Solutio Greenfoods and Cruciferous Chlorella contains substantial Vegetables
amounts of lipids, including fatty acids,
acids, protein, chlorophyll, carotenoids,
Spinach and green leafy vegetables
as lutein, as well as minerals including
shown to increase the faecal and urinary
‘itai-itai’ disease (caused by cadmium
Beetroot contains vitamins A, B, C, Flavonoids may also stimulate phase
helpful in the treatment of fi bromyalgia.
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled
Broccoli is a good source of selenium,22
The astringent tannins in Green
and then treated for an additional three
Tea (Camellia sinensis) can produce
antidiarrhoeal effects and the polyphenols
Spirulina contains high levels of Grape Seed (Vitis vinifera)
exhibit signifi cant antioxidant effects,
oxygen species, free radical-induced lipid
tural Animal Solutio Milk Thistle (Silybum Cholecalciferol, Betacarotene, marianum) and Vitamins C and E Ginger (Zingiber offi cinale)
sparing effect by maintaining the levels
liver and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
central role in epithelial cell integrity
Silymarin is a potent inhibitor of tumour
Ginger contains the active constituents,
C and E are antioxidants involved in the
properties including anti-infl ammatory,
Minerals B-Group Vitamins
on bowel epithelium.39 Zinc plays a part
permeability. It inhibits stress-induced
tural Animal Solutio Synergistic Combination
USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard
DigestaVite Plus
Crespo I et al. 19. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;
DigestaVite Plus, for improving digestion,
Ha SK et al. 20. Neurochem Int. 2008; 52(4-5):
Linus Pauling Institue Oregon State University.
Micronutrient Research 21. Center. http://lpi.
oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/fl a-
Weisburger JH. 24. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med
digestion and liver detoxifi cation.
Acheson KJ et al. 25. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 40-6Dulloo AG et al. 26. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70:
References
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Furst P. 3. Clinical Nutrition Supplements 2004;
Chlorella. 29. Natural Standard Monograph.
Sacks GS, Kudsk KA. 4. Nutr Clin Pract 2003;
Hagino N et al. 30. Neuroendocrinology 1975;
Amores-Sanchez M, Medina MA. 5. Mol Genet
Son YA et al. 31. Ann Nutr Metab 2009; 54: 7-14
Souba WW et al. 6. J Surg Res 1990; 48: 383-91
Nakano S et al. 32. Chemosphere 2005; 61(9):
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Becker EW et al. 33. Nutr Rep Int 1986; 33:
Wilmore DW, Shabert JK. 8. Nutrition 1998; 14:
Dillon JC et al. 34. World Rev Nutr Diet 1995;
Van der Hulst RR et al. 9. Lancet 1993; 341:
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Jiang ZM et al. 10. JPEN 1999; 23: S62–66
sity. Micronutrient Research 35. Center. Biotin.
British Herbal Medicine Association’s Scientifi c
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/bi-
Committee (eds). 11. British Herbal Pharmaco-
Felter HW, Lloyd JU. 12. King’s American
Linus Pauling Institue Oregon State University.
Dispensatory. 18th ed, 3rd revision, Volume II.
Micronutrient Research 36. Center. Vitamin B12.
First published 1905. Reprinted Eclectic Medical
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/
Gesenway D. 37. Ann Int Med 2000; 133: 319-
Gibson GR et al. 14. Gastroenterology 1995;
Duggan C. 38. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 789-
Jensen CD et al. 15. J Am Coll Nutr 1993; 12
Wisker E. 39. Zentrabl Gynakol 2003; 125(12):
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Serrano J et al. 17. Agric Food Chem. 2005; 53(8): 2936-40
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Laboratory for Economic Management and Auctions Understanding Beta (A) “I don’t understand it! Yahoo has been such a winner, why has it collapsed so much?” bellowed Frank in the next cubicle. Sarah had endured Frank’s gloating over the success of his stock the year before last, but she suppressed a slight chuckle and decided to show him some pity. She felt she had to, since her